Treating Autism Spectrum Disorders - 1025 Words

Autism spectrum disorders are a class of developmental brain disorders with symptoms that range widely with each affected individual. Autism is a disorder that varies in severity of social interaction and communication that can benefit from the help of different types of treatment. Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, autism, pervasive development disorder, and non pervasive developmental disorder are disorders on the autism spectrum with differing levels of intensity. Treatments for autism include medications, special diets, and psychological therapies. Although different types of treatments may work better for some individuals than others, you can combine treatments for the best results. The intensity and severity of symptoms vary among†¦show more content†¦Reducing certain proteins and adding particular vitamins into one’s diet can also relieve associated illnesses that accompany autism such as epilepsy, attention deficit disorder, and autoimmune disorders. Gluten is a protein that can cause an incomplete breakdown that affects the transmission of neurons in patients with autism. The protein gluten is commonly found in wheat, rye, and barley that has been linked to negative effects on autism. This can include not only digestive issues, but hyperactivity and rashes. Going gluten free not only has been proved to reduce gastrointestinal distress, but can reduce behavioral problems associated with autism. Mercury has been questioned over a possible connection between the toxic metal and autism spectrum disorders. Although the link mostly results from mercury as an ingredient in vaccines, mercury is also found in certain types of seafood and in dental ama lgam. By following a mercury detoxification diet, it may reduce impairment in speech and motor functions, depression, and chronic pain. Eliminating mercury from the diet can cause an overgrowth of fungi and bacteria, so it is suggested that patients use an anti-yeast diet before attempting the mercury detoxification. The anti-yeast diet eliminates the fungus that can result in behavioral problems and physical symptoms. People with autism are more prone to infection whichShow MoreRelatedEarly Intervention is Crucial in Treating Autism Spectrum Disorder988 Words   |  4 Pageshas autism spectrum disorder† are words no parent wants to hear. They are words that will instill fear, worry, and sadness. When parents hear this for the first time, they will have many questions. â€Å"Is there anything I can do to help my child? If so, what can be done?† Early intervention services; such as applied behavior analysis therapy, occupational therapy, sensory integration therapy , and speech therapy before the age of three; can help improve the development of children with autism spectrumRead More Genetics and the Possible Causation of Autism Spectrum Disorders1477 Words   |  6 Pagespsychiatrist, began using the term â€Å"autism†, which stems from the Greek word â€Å"autos†, meaning â€Å"self.† Bleuler used the term to describe a group of symptoms seem in patients suffering from schizophrenia. Essentially, the term means an â€Å"isolated self† or a person excluded from social interactions. In the 1940s, researchers in the United States modified the term to describe children who experienced emotional or social problems. Thus, relinquishing the word â€Å"autism† from its connection to schizophreniaRead MoreEssay On Sleep Disorders In Children With Autism1278 Words   |  6 PagesTreating Sleep Disorders in Children with Autism Several studies have been conducted that take a look at treatments for children with autism suffering from sleep disorders. Sleep disorders may even be more common in children with autism spectrum disorders. Theres been countless of different types of treatments, but one treatment in particular is Melatonin. Melatonin helps control your sleep and wake cycles. Studies have shown that melatonin is promised in treating sleep and insomnia in childrenRead MoreThe Effect Of Telehealth On The Language And Communication Delays That Accompany Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Autism ) Essay1703 Words   |  7 Pagespractices to treat or assess disorders via technology, such as video or webcams, rather than treating patients face-to-face. Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) may use this method to treat a variety of delays and disorders, including stuttering, apraxia, lisps, and others. This paper will explore the use of telehealth in treating the language and communication delays that accompany Auti sm Spectrum Disorder (autism), specifically in children. Autism Spectrum Disorder is â€Å"a complex developmental disabilityRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Autism ) Essay1396 Words   |  6 PagesThe disorders listed under the umbrella of Autism Spectrum Disorder, were once listed as autism and subtypes of autism. This was changed in 2013 when The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) was published, and they were listed under the umbrella of Autism Spectrum Disorder. There are five disorders listed under the umbrella of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Autistic Disorder, Asperger’s Syndrome, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, Rett Syndrome and Pervasive DevelopmentalRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Autism )900 Words   |  4 Pages Autism Disorder Mohamed Ayoub Community College of Aurora Autism Spectrum Disorder We are living in a time where a remarkable and advanced medical treatments exist. However, scientists and medical professionals are constantly faced with diseases and disorders that contemporary humanity needs a cure and treatment. Amongst the disorders that affecting our young people today is the autism spectrum disorder. It is a â€Å"complex and life long behavioral disorder marked by impairment in socialRead MoreAsperger s Syndrome Among Other Autistic Spectrum Disorders1282 Words   |  6 Pagesother Autistic Spectrum Disorders The autism spectrum disorder is neurobehavioral deterioration that involves language developmental disorder combined with low social interaction skills and repetitive behaviors. The severity of the disorder varies from mild, moderate, and severe, and the diagnosis tends to be changeable according to several factors such as the severity and the kind of therapy that the child received during early years. There is an increased prevalence of the disorder among childrenRead MoreIs Autism A Developmental Disorder? Essay1619 Words   |  7 PagesExploring Autism in Children Rutgers University Atypical Adolescence and Development Professor. Stevie McKenna November 2nd, 2016 Autism Abstract Autism is a developmental disorder in which an individual has problems with communication and interaction. Autism Spectrum Disorder was adopted as a categorization in 2013 and begins in childhood and follows throughout the course of a child’s life and is actually a collection of developmental brain disorders. There isRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) Essay1240 Words   |  5 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a range of conditions grouped under the neurodevelopmental disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) published in 2013 (Kress Paylo, 2015). Those who are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder must present two types of symptoms: 1) Deficits in social communication and social interaction and 2) Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities (APA, 2013). The DSM-5 merged all autismRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1280 Words   |  6 PagesComposition 1 Autism Spectrum Disorder â€Å"Autism is a neurological disorder. It s not caused by bad parenting. It s caused by an abnormal development in the brain. The emotional circuits in the brain are abnormal. And there also are differences in the white matter, which is the brain s computer cables that hook up the different brain departments† â€Å"Temple Grandi†BrainyQuote.com. Xplore Inc, 2015. 30 April 2015. http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/t/templegran451380.html. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

6 auditing questions Example

Essays on 6 auditing questions Assignment Assignment Question 4 Company Ratios Industry Ratio Averages 20XX 20XX 20XW Current Ratio 27,076 Ã · 7,082 = 3.82 3.82 4.9 4.7 Accounts Receivable Turnover 21,945 Ã · [(5,241 + 4,816) Ã · 2] = 4.36 4.36 4.42 4.30 Average Days to Collect Accounts Receivable 365 Ã · 4.36 = 83.72 83.72 82.58 84.88 Inventory Turnover 11,543 Ã · [(15,593* + 14,309) Ã · 2] = 4.36 * Includes production and finished goods 0.77 0.67 0.80 Days in Inventory 365 Ã · 0.77 = 474 474 545 456 Assets to Equity 42,029 Ã · 27,718 = 1.52 1.52 1.99 2.14 Debt to Equity Ratio 14,311 Ã · 27,718 = 0.52 0.52 0.99 1.14 Times Interest Earned 3,386 Ã · 360 = 9.41 9.41 6.91 7.29 Return on Assets (1,997 + 360) Ã · [(42,029 + 38,322) Ã · 2] = 5.9% 5.9 % 5.56 % 7.61 % Return on Equity 1,997 Ã · [(27,718 + 25,721) Ã · 2] = 7.5 % 7.5 % 5.92 % 10.76 % An analysis of the ratios calculated from the financial statements of Chateau Americana indicates that the ratios are favorable when compared to industry ratios. For example, the company generates more return on profits and equity than the industry. This is indicated by the high return on assets and equity ratios. Other factors that require more investigations include the fact that the company’s current ratio is below the industry average at 3.82 compared to 4.9% for the industry. However, the accounts receivables and inventory ratios are better than the industry averages. The other factor is that the company’s asset to equity and debt to equity ratios are below the industry averages. Question 5 Based on the information above, the best recommendation is that the firm should accept Chateau American as a potential client. The ratios calculated above indicate that the company is profitable and does not pose a significant risk for a CPA, which is one of the factors to be considered when evaluating a potential client. This recommendation is from the fact that the company has a strong trend in sales and the profitability for the last years of analysis. The sales for the company have been increasing and the turnover ratios have also been favorable. Question 6 The main factors that should be included in the engagement factors include the objective of the audit being conducted on the company. The other factor that should be included in the audit is the responsibility of management concerning the audit factors that include the preparation of financial statements in a true and fair manner, compliance with relevant laws, availing all pertinent records to the auditor and a statement of the auditor’s plan of action in the audit. Question 7 This part will compare the current ratio and the accounts receivable turnover for Chateau Americana with the corresponding ratios for Willamette Valley Vineyards, which is a similar company. Chateau Americana Willamette Current Ratio 4.95 8.11 AR Turnover 5.54 11.43 From the table, it is evident that Willamette is a better performance in terms of both ratios. The better current ratio displayed by Willamette shows a better ability to settle short-term obligations and the better Accounts receivable turnover indicates a superior credit policy. Assignment 2 Question 1 Business and Industry: The two main factors in this section are that the winery is a family owned business, and as such, is mainly controlled by the family, and that the wines industry is a very competitive business area. Operations: From an analysis of the information provided, it is evident that the company’s operations are below the available capacity, and the company operates in a location with readily available labor. Management and Corporate Governance System: As already indicated, the company ios mainly family owned, therefore, major control is held by the family. Objectives and Strategies: The main objective identified is that the company is not reliant on single customers, who do not represent more than five percent of annual sales. Performance measurement system: The Company recently implemented a new accounting information system. Question 3 Sales might fall due to a reduction in the economic condition, which would reduce consumption. Unpredictable events like floods or earthquakes might destroy the company’s vineyards or production centers, which would affect overall production. Cash management strategies could also be affected by deteriorating economic conditions, which would increase bad debts. Question 4 Business risk involves the possibility that a company fails to achieve its operational objectives, while the risk of o material misstatements refers to the possibility of management reporting false financial information to the different stakeholders. Accounts with a high risk of material misstatement include accounts receivables and payable, while those with a low risk include investments and long-term loans. Assignment 3 Question 7 Potential tests of control for purchases and cash disbursements Purchases Observe accounts for proper classification Review purchases journal for proper indication of purchases journal Cash Disbursements Review preparation of bank reconciliation statements Follow the checks received and issued to determine their recording in appropriate journals Question 8 Substantive tests of transactions Ensure purchase returns, allowances and discounts are recorded in appropriate journals Confirm that all transactions in journal recorded in general ledger Analytical tests Find unusual transactions in the end-of-year ledgers and trace their origins Find unusual cash disbursements and find their cause and origin. Tests of balances related to non-payroll expenditure cycle accounts Examine the payable vendor ledgers and confirm the amounts with the general ledger. Examine documents relating to purchases discounts, allowances and returns and determine if proper accounting principles were followed when recording them.

Monroe Versus Madison. Free Essays

Corey Salva Mr. Vieira APUSH 10/15/10 Marbury vs. Madison In 1803, a single case managed to change how America’s government would be run forever. We will write a custom essay sample on Monroe Versus Madison. or any similar topic only for you Order Now In John Adams’ last few days as president, he appointed a small group of Federalists into power. When Thomas Jefferson was elected into office, and he told James Madison to not bring the commissions to an appointed â€Å"midnight judge† named William Marbury. This gave the newly appointed Chief Justice, John Marshall, a great opportunity to spread his Federalist influence deeper into the American government.When Marbury found out that his commission was being held back by Madison, he sued for its delivery. This event brought about the case of Marbury vs. Madison. Marbury v. Madison was the first time the Supreme Court declared something â€Å"unconstitutional†, and established the concept of judicial review in the U. S. (the idea that courts may oversee and nullify the actions of another branch of government). The landmark decision helped define the â€Å"checks and balances† of the American form of government. This case influenced how the government would establish laws forever.The biggest issue in the case was whether or not the commission could be forced on its delivery. The biggest questions of the case were: does Article III of the Constitution create a â€Å"floor† for original jurisdiction, which Congress can add to, or does it create an exhaustive list that Congress can’t modify at all? If Article III’s original jurisdiction is an exhaustive list, but Congress tries to modify it anyway, who wins that conflict, Congress or the Constitution? Most importantly, who is supposed to decide who wins?On February 24, 1803, the Court rendered a unanimous (4-0) decision, that Marbury had a right to his commission, but Congress did not have the power to force Madison to de liver it. This seemed like a loss for the Federalist people in the government, but in fact, it changed how the government would work forever. Marshall was enable to enact Judicial Review, which gave the Supreme Court the ability to determine whether a law passed by Congress was constitutional or not. This was extremely influential in America’s government, for this is still in use today. Marbury was never appointed a Justice of Peace in the District of Columbia. How to cite Monroe Versus Madison., Papers

Taxation Law of Australia Develop Taxation

Question: Describe about the Taxation Law of Australia for Develop Taxation. Answer: Part A 1: Chris Jordan is Tax commissioner of Australia. Besides this, he is also the registrar of Australian business register. There is an executive committee along with different corporate committee who support Chris Jordan in his duties. Commissioner of taxation manages and led the Australian Taxation Office (Australian Taxation Office adds voice authentication to its app, 2016). 2: Mission statement of the Australian Taxation Office (ATO) Australian Taxation Office (ATO) has sole mission of contributing to the economic development of Australia and contribute to the social wellbeing of the Australians by encouraging the Australian citizen to participate in tax as well as in the superannuation system (Cameron, 2007). 3: In the official page of Australian Taxation Office (ATO) all the information about the Australian taxation office can be found. The website address of Australian Taxation Office is https://www.ato.gov.au/. The main duty of the Australian Taxation Office is to develop taxation laws and implement taxation system within the Australia (CORTESE, 2006). It efficiently provides the shape to the superannuation and the taxation system as well as efficiently manages it for funding and supporting the Australians. 4: The Taxpayers charter does not permit the Australian Taxation office to reveal any of the information to the other parties. The information can be revealed by the Australian taxation Office at the time the entity require the information for any particular reason (Emmerton, Hodgson and Fisher, 2004). 5: The definition related to the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 contain on the Division 995.1 of Income Tax Assessment act. 6: According to the Australian Taxation Office the section 25.5 of the Income Tax assessment Act 1997 provide the guidance about the expenditure which must be considered to be an acceptable deduction (Federal Court of Australia, Queensland District Registry: Jupiters Ltd v. Deputy Commissioner of Taxation, 2002). This sections title is Division 8 deduction. As per the section 40 of Income Tax Assessment Act capital expenditures are also deductable. 7: As per the Australian Taxation Office, the section 15.2 of the Income Tax assessment Act includes the value of the allowance in assessable income. The allowances along with other thing provided to the employees regarding their employment or services (Freebairn, 2016). This sections title is Income Tax Assessment Act 1997, SECT 15.2 8: No, the value of the allowance referred to the aforementioned question, where the answer is as per the Australian Taxation office and Income Tax Act 1997 Section 15.2 allowance must be included in the assessable income of the tax payer, the allowance can be provided or accepted in money or any other form (Hamilton, Deutsch and Raneri, 2001) . However, the valuation of the allowance must be computed in monetary form, according to the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997, Section 15.2. Regarding this specific matter the information can be obtained from the website of Australian Taxation Office as well as from the legal information website of Australia (Gupta, 2015). According to the Australian Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 the legislation and taxation system depicts the entire rules and regulation like the allowance and deduction on the income and expense of the tax payer. 9: The core focus of the Taxation Ruling TR 2013/2 is on the income tax along with the fund for the school and college building. The rule adds the Section 30-15 along with the sub section 30-25 (1) of Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 as well as apply on the individuals who contribute or donate to the public fund that claim to be a school or college building fund (Haslett and Sarah, 2006). 10: The tax decision TD 2016/3 established rates for cent /kilometer in order to private usage of the motor vehicles for the purpose of the Fringe Benefit Taxation Year beginning on 1st April 2016 (Krever and Black, 2007). The rate applicable for the motor vehicles is as following; Engine Capacity Rate Per Kilometer 0-2500c 52 cents Over 2500 cc 63 cents Motorcycles 16 cents Part B It is through the tax situation of Australia that the residency status would be judged for the concerned case study of Midoona. Both the residential and non residential laws are taken into consideration for evaluating and understanding the situation of Midoona and it provides proper results by taking into account the taxation system of Australia. Being a pop star, Midoona needs to come to Australia for shows and concerts and also earns a lot of money through that (Marsden, 2012). This is the reason why the taxation laws of Australia needs to be applied on the income made by her and while doing this, the residential status of Midoona also needs to be considered. In case of calculating the income tax of Midoona, it needs to be calculated on the basis of the money earned by her in Australia and the deductions that need to be done from the amount by taking into consideration all the aspects of the income made by Midoona. In case of calculating tax following the Australian System of Taxation, one needs to give a declaration of the income made by that individual, can claim deductions of the income, income tests and offsets and rebates made (Martin, Gregor and Rice, 2008). The case study is analyzed and evaluated from the perspective of income tax system present in Australia, and therefore the amount of tax that need to be given along with the deductions being claimed are calculated on the basis of the income that Midoona derives directly from the shows and concerts that she does in Australia. The travelling tax is implemented or applied in case of Midoona since she is not a permanent resident of Australia, but just a foreign resident. As a result of this, the different residency status of the taxes needs to be taken into consideration in order to calculate the income tax of Midoona (Nethercott, Richardson and Devos, 2011). The Imperial Hotel is visited by Midoona in order to conduct the shows and for this reason the income tax is deducted for the earnings made by Midoona from her shows and not for the prizes that are owned by her. As a kartaoke hostess Midoona also earned $45,000. For this income made by Midoona the appropriate taxation should be filed and also must be declared in order to ensure the taxation laws and rules of Australia are properly implemented in it. Therefore if Midoona properly follows the rules and regulations of the Australian Taxation System, then she will be respecting the taxation system and maintaining it properly (Nethercott, Richardson and Devos, 2011). Therefore according to the rules of the taxation system of Australia, the tax would be deducted from the amount of money earned by Midonna from the job conducted by her in Australia. The assessable income of an individual is based on the residency of the individual in that country and therefore it is necessary for the tax payer to understand whether he or she is a resident of the county while filing the tax (Robertson, 2008). In case of Australia, there are some rules and regulations that exist which determine whether an individual is a resident of the country or not. In case of foreign citizens who have stayed in Australia for a continuous period of six months in a particular year of taxation are considered as Australian resident for tax purposes for that particular year. The calculation of the tax of those individuals would be done according to the method of the Australian residents tax calculation. In this particular case, it can be seen that Midoona came to Australia on the 2nd of July 2015 as a part of the musical tour around the world that she was conducting. The home town of Midoona is Bourbon-On-Ryde hich a small English town. It is to be noted that Midoo na did not stay at a single place more than a period of six months (WALLER, 2007). She came to Sydney for her concernt on 2nd July 2015 and then performed at Adelaide and wrapped up her musical tour on 15th August 2015. After finishing with all the scheduled concerts and shows, Midoona took a vacation in Australia and stayed only for one month at the Northern Territory town of Darwin. Therefore it can clearly be understood that Midoona did not stay at a single place in Australia for a period of six months continually and thus can under no situation be considered to be n Australian resident for the taxation year 2015-2016. But on 1st of April 2016, Midoona again came to Australia with a permanent job that required for her to stay in Australia for two years continuously (Woellner, 2013). Therefore in this case Midoona would be considered as an Australian resident for tax purposes for the financial year 2016-2017. 2. Income ($) Expenditure ($) Australian tour 450000 operating expenses 380000 Appearance fees 15000 Spend on dresses 1000 Cash Prize 1000 Subscription to magazine 200 Cash Prize 200 Membership subscription 500 Income from job 45000 Tips from customer 2500 513700 381700 Assessable income 132000 The tax rates for the non resident for the year 2015-2016 are as follows: Taxable income Tax on the income 0-$80,000 32.5c for each $1 $80,0001-$180,000 $26,000 plus 37c for each over $80,000 $180,001 and over $63,000 plus 45c for each $1 over $180,000 Midonna has to pay the taxes on her income by following the Australian Taxation Law. The assessable incoe of Midonna is $132,000. Thus the tax that needs to be paid would be under the slab $26,000 along with 37 c for each over $80,000 according to the Australian Taxation Law. Midoona has to pay the taxes on the money earned by her from the different sources. At the first stage, Midoona earned an amount of $45,000 from her musical tour in Australia and then she got an appearance fee of $15,000 for being featured in Affairs of Today (WALLER, 2007). After this she received a prize that consisted of a weekend at Alatai Holiday Apartments and the cash prize of $500 each. Then Midoona wins a cash prize of $200 after participating in a stiff competition. As a Karaoke hostess at the Imperial Hotel in Darwin, Midoona earned $45,000. All these incomes are assessable and therefore the tax would be calculated according to that. The tip received by Midoona at the hotel was of the amount of $2,500 . The expenditures that would be taken into consideration in this case re operating expenses, money required to buy two dresses, magazine subscription and an yearly membership subscription in a monthly newsletter. The understanding of the income tax to be implemented on the income of Midoona would be calculated by following the rules and regulations of the Australian Taxation System. Midoona is liable to pay the proper tax on the money earned by her from the different sources in Australia. The income tax rules are clearly explained by the Australian Taxation Law (Woellner, 2013). 3. It is through the application of ITAA36 and ITAA97 taxation rules that come under the Act of 1953 that the case study taken into consideration can be properly justified. This aids in determining the tax assessment as it takes into consideration the necessary rules and regulations that are required to make the income tax assessments of the income made by a particular individual (Nethercott, Richardson and Devos, 2011). The expenses would also be calculated in association of the objects owned by the individual that have assurance policies. This also aids in formulating proper income tax assessments along with the provision of the assurance policies which eventually increases the value of the investments associated with that of the policies that are present (Robertson, 2008). The deduction policies are formulated in such a way so that the investments made by the individual also get calculated. In case of Midoona, she earned a lot of money and the tax would be implemented on the amount of $450,000 which has been earned by Mioona. The deductions would be based on the amount of money earned by Midoona which would thereon aid in the proper justification of the taxation system of Australia. References Australian Taxation Office adds voice authentication to its app. (2016).Biometric Technology Today, 2016(2), p.12. Cameron, A. (2007).Review of the income tax exemption for structured settlements. [Canberra]: [The Treasury]. CORTESE, C. (2006). Taxation and the Australian Superannuation System: An International Comparison.Australian Accounting Review, 16(39), pp.77-85. Emmerton, K., Hodgson, H. and Fisher, R. (2004).Tax questions and answers. Sydney: Australian Tax Practice. Federal Court of Australia, Queensland District Registry: Jupiters Ltd v. Deputy Commissioner of Taxation. (2002).Gaming Law Review, 6(6), pp.571-576. Freebairn, J. (2016). Taxation of Housing.Australian Economic Review, 49(3), pp.307-316. Gupta, S. (2015). Various Tax Authorities and their Powers under the Income Tax Act.Asian Journal of Management, 6(1), p.25. Hamilton, R., Deutsch, R. and Raneri, J. (2001).Guidebook to Australian international taxation. Australia: LexisNexis Butterworths. Haslett, T. and Sarah, R. (2006). Using the Viable Systems Model to Structure a System Dynamics Mapping and Modeling Project for the Australian Taxation Office.Systemic Practice and Action Research, 19(3), pp.273-290. Krever, R. and Black, C. (2007).Australian taxation law cases 2007. Pyrmont, N.S.W.: Thomson ATP. Marsden, S. (2012).Australian master bookkeepers guide. North Ryde, N.S.W.: CCH Australia. Martin, N., Gregor, S. and Rice, J. (2008). User centred information design practices and processes at the Australian Taxation Office.Information Design Journal, 16(1), pp.53-67. Nethercott, L., Richardson, G. and Devos, K. (2011).Australian taxation study manual. North Ryde, N.S.W.: CCH Australia. Robertson, P. (2008).Australian master tax guide 2008. Sydney: CCH Australia. WALLER, V. (2007). The Challenge of Institutional Integrity in Responsive Regulation: Field Inspections by the Australian Taxation Office.Law Policy, 29(1), pp.67-83. Woellner, R. (2013).Australian taxation law 2012. North Ryde [N.S.W.]: CCH Australia.

Escape by W.S. Maugham Essay Example

Escape by W.S. Maugham Essay â€Å"ESCAPE† By William Somerset Maugham The text under interpretation is â€Å"Escape† by William Somerset Maugham. W. S. Maugham was a well-known English playwright, novelist and short story writer. He was the son of a British diplomat. He was educated at King`s school in Canterbury, studied painting in Paris, went to Heidelberg University in Germany and studied to be a doctor at St. Thomas Hospital in England. So, he put his hand in different activities and that`s why he is versatile and experienced person. S. Maugham was critical of the morals, the narrow-mindedness and hypocrisy of bourgeois society. Such novels as â€Å"Of Human Bondage†, â€Å"The Moon and the Sixpence†, â€Å"The Theatre† and others came under his pen. He was also the master of the short story. Among them are: â€Å"Colonel’s Lady†, â€Å"Friend in Need†, â€Å"Lion’s Skin†, etc. S. Maugham was among the most popular writers of his era, and reputedly, the highest paid author during the 1930s. Maugham’s style of writing is clear and precise. He doesn`t impose his views on the reader. He puts a question and leaves it to the reader to answer. We will write a custom essay sample on Escape by W.S. Maugham specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Escape by W.S. Maugham specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Escape by W.S. Maugham specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I also like his revealing the weak sides and vices of human nature skilfully. His books are chatty and easy to read. This is clearly viewed from the given extract. â€Å"Escape† is a story about common people in common situation, and Maugham manages to tell it with the sense of humour and in a very interesting way. The essence of â€Å"The Escape†, to my mind, is that Roger and Ruth have diverse approaches towards the relations. Of course, the men and the women like the first step: flowers, attentiveness, passion. But then their paths diverge. The romance disappears, the man looks for the way out, he craves for new emotions, but the woman deems that the relations should develop into the marriage. And â€Å"The Escape† is the example of such a mismatch. The story can be logically divided into four main parts: the exposition, passages about Ruth’s and Roger’s love, Roger falls out of love and the break-up. The story has a straight line narrative structure with author’s digressions at the beginning. I think that the beginning of the story serves as its subject matter, where the author recounts his point of view on marriage. He convinces us that if a woman once made her mind to marry a man nothing but instant flight could save him. As an example he told a case, which happened with one of his friends, who seeing the inevitable marriage menacing before him, took ship and spent a year traveling round the world. He hoped the woman would forget him, but was mistaken. When he got back thinking himself safe, the woman, from whom he had fled, was waiting for him on the quay. This funny thing supports the idea that the inevitable loom of the marriage frightens some men and they try to avoid it. It should be mentioned, that he describes that awkward situation very skilfully and in a very ironical way. It could be confirmed by some cases of irony, used by the narrator – â€Å"instant flight† and â€Å"inevitable loom menacing before him†, â€Å"escaped with only a toothbrush for all his luggage†, which show us fear and trembling of men before the difficulties of the marriage. Maugham establishes realistic setting to his piece of writing. As the author uses the first-person narrative structure we can guess that the narrator is the secondary character of the story. The main ones here are Roger Charing and Ruth Barlow. To describe them, Maugham uses the direct characterization. For example, he gives it when speaks about of Ruth’s eyes using the epithets (â€Å"splendid†, â€Å"moving†, â€Å"big and lovely†), a detached epithet (â€Å"poor dear†) – all in the ironic way. Further on the narrator says that he knows only one man who escaped successfully. Once upon a time his friend, Roger Charing told him he was going to marry. Roger was tall and handsome, rich, experienced middle-aged man. Of course, many women wanted to marry him. But he was happy to live the life of an unmarried man: the epithets â€Å"sufficient experience†, â€Å"careful† give the direct description of his lifestyle. But then he met Ruth Barlow. He fell in love with her. He immediately wanted to look after her and make her happy. Ruth was twice a widow, she was younger than Roger. She was quite good-looking and she had big, beautiful, dark eyes and she had the gift of pathos. When a man saw those big, sad eyes, he wanted to help Ruth. The epithet â€Å"defenceless† expose the power of her look. It was Ruth’s mode to get what she wanted because she had no other means (money for instance). This â€Å"gift† helped Ruth to reach her goals. The metaphor â€Å"the gift of pathos†, the epithets â€Å"splendid dark eyes†, â€Å"the most moving eyes†, â€Å"big and lovely eyes† and the repetition of the word â€Å"eyes† make us pay our attention to this peculiarity. And Ruth made her mind to marry Roger: he was rich, considerate, and tactful and was glad to take care of her, so he was the best variant for her. He didn’t let down and made a proposal of marriage to her and they were going to marry as soon as ossible. While reading we came across a lot of pure literary words (gift, splendid, wonderful, hazards, sadness, lovely) and some cliches (â€Å"the world was too much for her†, â€Å"stand between the hazards of life and this helpless little thing†, â€Å"how wonderful it would be to take the sadness out of th ose big and lovely eyes†) which are peculiar to the description of ordinary situations concerning love affairs, so we see what kind of story â€Å"The Escape† is. The narrator provokes us to perceive it ironically. Through Roger’s vision, Ruth was very unlucky. Indeed, she seemed to be very miserable, everything was wrong with her. If she married a husband he beat her; if she employed a broker he cheated her; if she engaged a cook she drank. She never had a little lamb but it was sure to die. We can observe hopelessness of Ruth’s life through the epithets â€Å"helpless little thing†, â€Å"rotten time†, â€Å"unfortunate†, â€Å"poor dear†, the metaphor â€Å"a little lamb†, parallel constructions â€Å"if she married†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and pure literary words such as â€Å"sufferings†, â€Å"hazards†, â€Å"sadness†. Roger took an interest in her destiny and was ready to relieve it: the repetition of the pronouns â€Å"she† and â€Å"her† in Roger’s speech, the epithet â€Å"dreadfully sorry† prove my assumption. The epithets â€Å"very happy† and â€Å"pleased† make us believe that it wasn’t a nuisance for him. But according to the narrator’s opinion, Ruth was two-faced woman of few ideas: he called her stupid and scheming. This epithets, the simile â€Å"as hard as nails† add some points to her description, so it again proves that the method of character-drawing here is direct. We see two people, Roger and Ruth, as the future family, so this is the idea of this extract of the text. The author describes the first part of their relations which were rather standard. As thousands of men and women, they met, fell in love and decided to be together. But then, on a sudden, Roger fell out of love. This was the second part of their relations. There was no evident reason. Perhaps, his heart-strings were no longer touched by Ruth’s pathetic look. Roger became acutely conscious that Ruth had a mind to marry him. He gave a solemn oath that nothing would induce him to marry Ruth. But he was in a quandary. He was aware that Ruth would assess her feelings at an immoderately high figure if he asked her to release him. Besides, he didn’t want people to say that he jilted a woman. The epithets â€Å"acutely conscious†, â€Å"a solemn oath† and â€Å"an immoderately high figure† stress the importance, significance of his decision; as to the epithet â€Å"pathetic look† and the metaphor â€Å"heart-strings† (at the same time it is a cliche), they produce the humorous effect. Falling out of love is the most terrible thing I can imagine. Recently it was an acute pleasure for Roger to do everything for Ruth. He was charmed, but, as I suppose, it wasn’t a serious and profound feeling – Roger lost it too easily. It is obvious Ruth was a narrow-minded woman and she didn’t really love Roger. But there are some arguments to be said in her defence, she lonely and wanted to be protected. Probably she would be a good wife. The repetition of the expression â€Å"to have a mind to† reveals the conflict of Roger’s and Ruth’s interests. Ruth desired to have relations of long duration she cried for the moon. On the contrary, Roger wanted to escape with no loss. And again we are the witnesses of the usual continuation of the love story. It’s rather banal. Roger kept his own counsel; he remained attentive to all her wishes. It was decided that they would be married as soon as they found a suitable house. Roger applied to the agents and visited with Ruth house after house. It was very hard to find a satisfactory one. Sometimes houses were too large, sometimes they were too small, sometimes they were too expensive and sometimes they were too stuffy, sometimes they were too airy. The idea is that only such dishonest, shabby act as the flat-chase tactics seemed to be appropriate for Roger. I think, it was like a committing a crime. Roger’s behaviour wasn’t fair, it was even disgraceful, but unfortunately such conduct is not uncommon, the men trick the women very often, because their attitude towards the relations differs. Parallel constructions â€Å"sometimes they were too large, sometimes they were too small, sometimes they were too expensive and sometimes they were too stuffy†, the metaphor â€Å"house-hunting†, the epithet â€Å"innumerable kitchens† describe Roger’s scheme of the trouble-free parting. Firstly I took Roger’s side, because I consider that each person should have a right for free choice, but then I was sorry for Ruth, Roger tired her out, she didn’t understand what was happening. The epithet â€Å"exhausted† demonstrates her state brightly. At last Ruth revolted. She asked Roger if he wanted to marry her. There was an unaccustomed hardness in her voice, but it didn’t affect the gentleness of his reply. Roger persuaded her that they would be married the very moment they found a suitable house. Ruth took to her bed. She didn’t want to see Roger, but he was as ever assiduous and gallant. Every day he sent her flowers, wrote that he had some more houses to look at. The epithets â€Å"assiduous†, â€Å"gallant† display his dissimulation. A week passed and he received the letter: Ruth let him know that she was going to get married and claimed that Roger didn’t love her. He answered that her news shattered him, but her happiness had to be his first consideration. He sent Ruth seven orders to view. He was quite sure she would find among them a house that would exactly suit her. So, we can see that Roger appeared to be very smart and sly person. He appeared quite cute to predict Ruth’s following actions. When he got the hang of Ruth, he pretended he was still in love very gallantly, until she got the hang of him, and I should say it was a more civilized way of jilting a woman than just to leave her. So, I think the message of the story is that a woman can be sly and scheming, but a man can make it his way also. This story carried me with its eternal intrigue – the war between male and female. We may be in earnest about it or may try to ignore it, but it really takes place and this problem will exist until the end of human history.

Pause for commas - Emphasis

Pause for commas Pause for commas Compared with pondering the placement of the much less familiar semi-colon or the enigmatic apostrophe, the ubiquitous comma might seem hardly worth worrying about. Theyre ten a penny, arent they? Why not just sprinkle them at will or leave them out entirely? Unsurprisingly, we dont recommend doing either. They may seem a common or garden item of punctuation, but just like the elderly in society we can learn much from commas and should treat them with respect. So, use them: to denote a natural pause, such as if you were reading aloud Unfortunately, commas are often underrated. after a secondary clause thats been put at the beginning of a sentence Even though the comma had been left out of the speech, he paused for dramatic effect. to separate items in a list My job involves typing, proofreading, answering the phone and stocktaking commas. Im looking for a tall, dark, handsome lover of punctuation. to make it clear exactly how items are split (to avoid confusion, usually when the word and is involved in the list) The courses on offer were Introduction to colons, Intensive comma revision, Hyphens and dashes, and Figures and numbers. in pairs, for information additional to the main point (that could be lifted out to leave a sentence that still makes complete sense) The phone call, which lasted ten minutes, was mostly about Marys incorrect use of punctuation. However, the information contained by the two commas has to be non-defining (not vital to the overall gist of the sentence); if it is defining, you would use no commas at all: The phone call that was about Marys poor punctuating was full of awkward pauses. to introduce short quotes He said, Lets take a short break here. Changing sense Given the often ambiguous nature of our language, it is important to give pause to where you place your commas. Otherwise you may end up saying something other than you intended, or leaving your reader rather confused. Compare: However, you might feel the report is irrelevant [and we may take that into consideration] with However you might feel, the report is irrelevant [your opinion doesnt really matter]. Or I donated, myself, to that charity [I, like you, am a philanthropist] and I donated myself to that charity [not sure how much use theyll have for me]. Or even The Wombles of Wimbledon Common are we [thats why the Common is so tidy] and The Wombles of Wimbledon, common are we [cant move for wombles while watching the tennis]. Commas can make subtle distinctions too. Observe the nuances: Our boss, who is based in Basingstoke, will be at that business writing seminar and Our boss who is based in Basingstoke will be at that business writing seminar. In the first example, there is only one boss. He may be based in Basingstoke, but that is not vital information (it is non-defining). The main point is that hell be at the seminar. In the second example, there are presumably several bosses. But it is specifically the one lucky enough to be based in Basingstoke who will attend the seminar. Weve said it before and well say it again: punctuation matters. Particularly if you want your writing to end up meaning what you meant it to.

Ethical Issues and Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical Issues and Behavior - Essay Example There has been disposal of sewage and waste from the organizations into the rivers due to which, the quality of waters was affected and their consumers’ susceptibility towards diseases like cholera and typhoid was increased manifolds. Provision of clean water to the nation is one of the biggest challenges facing the governments in the contemporary age. This would not have been so had the organizations foreseen the impacts of their activities upon the environment and community as a whole. Besides, organizations all over the world are the prime consumers of the natural resources. Countries need steel, oil, gas and electricity because they are required for the making and functioning of machineries, as well as the products the machines are making. In addition to that, ethics are a major concern for organizations because organizations have a profound effect upon each and every individual of the society. Childhood obesity is much more widespread in many advanced countries of the wor ld in the present age than it ever was in the past. US, UK, Canada, Australia and such other technologically advanced countries are busy looking for ways to control the spread of childhood obesity. Childhood obesity needs to be controlled because it increases the susceptibility of the victims towards various kinds of diseases including high blood pressure, depression, diabetes and heart attack along with causing an overall reduction in the expected life of the victims. A thorough analysis of the causal factors of childhood obesity suggests that the problem originates in organizations in the food industry that are supplying thousands of new varieties of junk foods into the market every year and are thus encouraging the public to consume them at least once, if not more. Junk food production has become the spinal cord of food industry in the contemporary age because they are made from very cheap ingredients and get sold at a price much higher than what was incurred in their production. Again, childhood obesity is primarily an outcome of the food organizations’ selfishness and insensitivity towards the public health. Had food organizations tried to evaluate their activities on the scale of ethics, many children would have been smart and healthy today rather than overweight and obese. In light of these and several other issues, ethical issues are a major concern for the organizations. Ethical behavior in organizations is impacted by individual influences. Influence of individuals that particularly occupy higher positions in the hierarchy of the organization structure and have relatively greater power is profound. In a vast majority of cases, organizations are run primarily by the top managers, that may or may not include the subordinates in the decision making process. Nevertheless, since the ultimate decision is taken by the top manager, it is their behavior that primarily governs the level to which the organization complies with the standards of ethics. Et hical behavior of organizations is also governed, to much an extent, by the level of transparency maintained by the top management. An organization in itself is like a complete state that may have democratic government or dictatorship. If the top management implements the former system, their actions are criticized by the subordinates, so they may not be able to take independent decisions. If the dictatorship prevails,

Personal Leadership Development Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Personal Leadership Development Plan - Essay Example As is basic for these groups, I might be working in moderately little, cross-utilitarian assemblies with others, on the whole working a little set of records. Inside that group, my particular obligations could extend from City Manager, City Planner, Government Manager, Non-Profit Manager, Executive Assistant, or Chief of Administration, all of which I have experience finishing now through my different employments, volunteers, internships, and grounds associations. Imperative authority aptitudes in aggregations of the sort incorporate high assignment introduction, capacity to oblige and team up both remotely with the customers and inside the group, and the ability to boost bunch effectiveness through fitting undertaking division. While the examination of my outcomes from the collection of overviews and evaluations will offer a more definite dissection of how my current qualities play into or challenge those obligations, I feel that I to a great extent have a solid premise in those mea surements with evident room to develop and enhance later on. In general, I observe that I am a legit and minding diligent employee who values productivity and close flawlessness. Not just do I accept that these are critical models throughout my life, I observe that I proclaim these characteristics to others, on occasion setting a bar excessively high for any other person to arrive at. While I value the general capacity to be both strongly meticulous and for the most part minded, I do periodically become involved with the particulars of an assignment, staggering to demand that everything is executed simply right. Humorous in view of the extent to which I get a kick out of the chance to arrange things, I get amazing delight and fervor from spontaneity, maybe due to its irregularity. All the more formally, I have wide arriving at abilities, running from different sorts of managerial

Time Value of Money Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Time Value of Money - Essay Example It is based on the simple premise that â€Å"A penny in hand today is worth more than a penny in hand tomorrow†. This is on the basis of assumption that the money in hand today can be invested in various investment options which will increase the amount. Moreover, there is also an opportunity cost that is associated with the cash that is received later. This is the cost of the best foregone opportunity that could have been taken with the cash available (Econedlink.org, 2011). Cash received later can’t be used for any investment options present at the current time frame. The concept finds significant applications in the area of capital budgeting, lease versus buy decisions, accounts receivable analysis, financing arrangements, mergers and pension funding (Ross et.al., 2007, pg. 60). The concept of time value of money is used in every financial decision. This is done through two types of calculation. One includes calculating the present value of the cash that will be rece ived at a later stage while the other calculates the future value of the cash that is received now. One very important concept related to the time value of money is the Net Present Value (NPV). It is the sum of the present value of all the cash inflows minus the present value of its costs (Brigham & Ehrhardt, 2010, pg. 183). Net present finds usage in evaluating if the proposed projects shall be taken or not. If the net present value of the total project cash flows is negative, it should not be taken. The concept of the time value of money also finds application in evaluating the present value of various investment options such as bonds and stocks and identifying the best option to invest. 2. The formula for calculation of future value assuming that compound interest is given is: r is the rate of interest and n is the time period (Bierman & Smidt, 2003, pf. 17). a.) Present Value = $15,000 n = 5 years r = 7% b.) Present Value = $19,500 n = 3 years r = 4% c.) Present Value =$ 29,900 n = 7 years r = 2% d.) Present Value = $14,200 n = 10 years r = 0.9% 3. The formula for the calculation of present value for a given future value assuming application of compound rate of interest is: r is the rate of interest and n is the time period. a.) Future Value = $17,500 r = 4% n = 3 years b.) Future Value = $41,000 r = 5% n = 5 years c.) Future Value = $120,000 r = 12% n = 2 years d.) Future Value = $790,000 r = 1% n = 8 years 4. Let us assuming that we are getting the payment at the beginning of the years. The cash flow timeline looks like: Calculating the present value of the three future payments at the interest rate, r of 4% where, Present Value (Yi) is the present value of the cash received in year i The total present value is Thus the present value of the stream of annual payments is $519,497. 5. Let us assuming that we are getting the payment at the beginning of the years. The same is deposited into a bank account at the same time. The cash flow for the bank account w ill be: 6. Calculating the future value of the three payments at the end of third year at an interest rate of r = 2%, we get where Future Value (Yi) is the future value at the end of three years for the cash deposited in the bank account in year i. The total Future value at the end of three years is Thus, we can see that the amount in the bank account at the end of three years is $374,592 Conclusion We studied the importance of the concept of time value of money and calculated the same for different scenarios. The analysis enables us to

The Rite: The Making of a Modern Day Exorcist | Critique

The Rite: The Making of a Modern Day Exorcist | Critique Reading The Rite was an intriguing experience for me since as young as I can recall I have gone to church, so the concept of Lucifer and demons is far from new to me. While reading this book by Matt Baglio the resounding question that crept into my head was what was his purpose for writing this book? There are enough movies out there satiate peoples hunger for exorcisms, I didnt think anything new would come of it, but as I read I realized that Baglios perspective was no ordinary approach. When I read of his account about studying exorcisms I was surprised to hear that there was a University class to textbook study the science which really caught my interest. After doing some research myself I learned that there was a need for Exorcists, and in America alone there should be 200, but we have only 50 in America, so the Vatican created a course for people interested to become Exorcists. I came to learn that Baglios purpose for writing The Rite was to write the truth about Exorcisms and give an accurate representation about them since the media has embellished exorcisms. As I read about Father Gary Thomas under goings I learned that exorcisms often arent accomplished and finished in one fell swoop. Hollywood has put people under the impression that an exorcism is a onetime event that frees the person from a demon in some dramatic and climatic fashion, but that is not how it works. The afflicted individual undergoes numerous exorcisms, resulting in temporary liberations which eventually can cause a demon to flee. Present day that is a screening process that happens before someone is exorcised with psychologists, psychiatrists, therapists involved because the Church has come to realize that a lot of people are mentally afflicted and need help. Another reason Baglio wrote The Rite is to convey the idea of personal responsibility and how it is up to us to make the right choices in our lives. He tries to convey to us the reader that were in control, the free will that w e possess, and how we cannot ignore this concept of evil because evil is real so we cannot simply ignore it. Yet dont let the fear of evil consume you and become obsessed by it. Which leads to Baglios thesis of The Rite which is to diminish fear and to talk about exorcisms in a way that people could put the concept of evil into a theological context. The reader learns throughout the book that demons often exhibit similar behavior when manifesting. Yet sometimes behaviors are unexpected. This is where the array of experiences among the exorcists is especially useful when developing the Churchs and individuals knowledge of the subject matter. Baglio didnt want to over-dramatize anything and give an accurate account. When reading The Rite, I learned that supernatural occurrences happen during exorcisms but that is not a common occurrence and during the writing of The Rite Father Gary did not witness it himself but other exorcists have like stuff flying across rooms, speaking is other tongues, and the afflicted throwing up objects that then liquefy. On one occasion Baglio describes the disparity of experience by different people present at the same exorcism, Dur ing the exorcism, Father Gary had the overwhelming sensation that the room was suffocatingly hot, while the priest from Indianapolis smelled a terrible over-powering stench, (page 149). Its details such as these that Baglio wanted to convey to the reader to give an accurate account to write the truth, but keep it in a theological context while not over-dramatizing the occurrences while still maintaining objectivity. As one reads The Rite its clear that Baglio is a serious journalist as he examines what popular culture takes as truth and corrects misconceptions. As well, he thoroughly examines many of the questions that occur to any logical person when faced with the idea of demons and possession in modern times. To this end, he interviews psychologist, doctors, and other specialists for information. All of this is told without ever inserting himself into the book which allows the focus to stay on the subject and on Father Gary, whose journey yielded spiritual growth in several ways. That is what Baglio is trying to convey. One of the main observations I made while reading The Rite is the concept of trying to be a good person which Baglio conveys relies heavily on the choices you make as an individual. Baglios accounting of the information from classes amounts to a brief catechism of Church teachings about anything to do with this subject including among other things angels, free will, Gods power, and human ailments. As a priest, Father Gary learns that one must be understanding and forgiving. While its technically true that any priest can perform an exorcism, not every priest should. Guideline thirteen of the Ritual states that the bishop can only nominate a priest who is distinguished in piety, learning, prudence, and integrity of life. In addition, The priest [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] should carry out this work of charity confidently and humbly under the guidance of the Ordinary, (page 72). We as the reader get a peek into the mind and teachings of an exorcist and even though an Exorcist can perform exorcism s as they please, they learn just how sacred and important undergoing such an act can be, and they must remain humble and understanding of a situation before they move forward and perform the exorcism. A second observation I made while reading The Rite is how Baglio goes about to shed light on the truth about Exorcisms. The Rite helps us realize just how thoroughly our popular notions of exorcism have been fashioned via cinema and fiction. Exorcisms often arent accomplished in one fell swoop. Instead, the process may take years of repeated encounters and prayers and this surprises some, People dont understand what we do, says Father Gramolazzo. People come to see us expecting to be healed right away. [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] Instead, as Father Gramolazzo explains, exorcism is more akin to a journey, with the exorcist acting as a kind of spiritual director helping the victim to rediscover the grace of God through prayer and the sacraments [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] Getting people to see it this way is not always easy for the exorcist. Half the battle is to change their whole purpose so they dont see it in the light of getting rid of a problem, but see it in the light of being more fully converted or being converted at all, says English exorcist Father Jeremy Davies, (page 167). Baglios work examines pop-culture misconceptions-about exorcism, demons, the church and more-by countering them with probing questions to psychologists, doctors, and other specialists; and the focus remains well-centered on Father Thomas, and the spiritual growth that the priest has experienced in his journey. The third observation I made is the fact that a person or exorcist is still unsure and not one hundred percent convinced about everything occurring throughout The Rite; that the doubt and skepticism still exists. While reading, we can notice that in Father Gary Thomas, and how there is still a lot of mystery about the matter; how suspicion grows about the people who are one hundred percent certain about the exorcisms. The exorcists are just like a guy and they hope what God is doing is real but they just rely on faith and leave it to God. This book relates to Anthropology 55 in many ways. As we reviewed earlier there is no uniform anthropological theory of religion and Baglio states that the concept of demons, exorcisms, and the afterlife date back to the dawn of time. This concept is not new and is applicable across all faiths. This plays a factor as to why there cannot be a uniformed anthropological theory of religion. As well everything we see and touch, feel and experience is only one path. There is an unknown but we cannot reach it or channel it. That is where exorcisms come into play, and studying that can help anthropologist better understand religion. The exorcist acts as a medium, the middle point to help exorcise the demons which we cannot channel or sense. Studying exorcists and exorcisms can help anthropologist better understand the concept of faith because the study of exorcism is not a science but also plays heavily on faith, so it is not something everyone can learn. Exorcisms can also be defined as rit uals and the reasons why we practice rituals can be applied as to why people study and practice exorcising. When they feel they have tempted fate, to diminish negative feelings, and bring about a sense of peace and comfort. Rituals are beneficial for helping us feel a sense of peace and familiarity in a world where we can feel very unfamiliar with and have a hard time maintaining our sense of peace. Since exorcisms can be called a ritual since rituals and exorcisms share many traits they can relate back to anthropology. The Rite helped me better understand the concept of demons and other worldly supernatural phenomena. I use to be a Christian due to my parents when I was younger but when I came of age and could make my own decisions about my life I questioned a lot of Churchs teachings. Reading Baglios book gave a much-appreciated insight into the life of an Exorcist because I doubted that what was portrayed in film was what occurred in real life, more so I thought that the concept of exorcising was an old-world practice and wasnt taught and executed today. Contrary to what I believed reading Baglios book showed me otherwise. Bibliography Baglio, Matt. The Rite: The Making of a Modern Exorcist. New York: Image , 2010. Print.

Tess of the d’Urbervilles and Perfume: The Story of a Murderer Essay

Control is the social construction constituting exercising authority over other beings. It can take many forms, the most prominent of which between Tess of the d’Urbervilles and Perfume: The Story of a Murderer being physical, psychological, capitalist and patriarchal. Both novels are of the Bildungsroman genre, however whilst Jean-Baptiste  Grenouille has a predatory and psychotic personality, this is something to which Tess  Durbeyfield  is subject without reciprocity until the end of the novel, and it is ultimately this  hamartia  which leads to her oppression. Physical Under the historical influence of Darwin’s natural selection, Hardy attempts to highlight the physical control that Alec has over Tess through an animalistic comparison. In a reference to the rape of Lucrece, and thus to Tess’ rape, he states ‘the serpent hisses where the sweet bird sings’. This imagery highlights the sly, predatory tendancies of Alec, and diametrically opposes them to Tess’ delicate predispositions. Later, Hardy implies  that she  is raped. ‘Feminine tissue, sensitive as gossamer’ displays Alec’s unconscious urges to control such a virgo intacta. The sibilance in this phrase contributes to Alec's presentation as a predator she is also described as ‘blank as snow’, a tabula rasa, a form of innocence Alec physically destroys. These factors, along with the traditional norms of wedding days, culminate to create a grotesque parody of a wedding night. The  moon’s later description as ‘tarnished’ is symbolic of how Tess’ has been physically abused  by Alec, although it also exposes a disrupted parallel between the moon’s 28–day cycle, and Tess’ menstrual cycle due to the development and birth of Sorrow. Lucrece, just like Tess is described as if she wer... ... of the works of D.H. Lawrence Study of Thomas Hardy and Other Essays, D. H. Lawrence, page 99, Cambridge University Press,  25 Jul 1985 [2] Barron’s Book Notes Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the d’Urbervilles, page 114 – Douglas Brown: Social and Individual Fate in Tess from Thomas Hardy, 1961 [3] John Berger, Ways of Seeing, Chapter 1, The social presence of men and women, page 5, 1972 [4] "Tess of the d'Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy." 123HelpMe.com. 04 Jan 2014 . [5] Sin, Society, and the Double Standard, Male and Female Transgressions in Tess of the d'Urbervilles, Scott Fowler [6] Twentieth Century Interpretations of Tess of the d’Urbervilles, Albert J. LaValley, 1969 [7] Kristen Brady, Tess and Alec: Rape or Seduction? 1986 [8] Cruel Persuasion: Seduction, Temptation and Agency in Hardy’s Tess, James A. W. Heffernan

The effect of performance management systems on employee engagement

Introduction Background Prior research has established the positive effects of employee engagement in the workplace, not only for the organisation in its entirety but also for the wellbeing and productivity of individual employees (Kahn, 1990). It is therefore of paramount importance that research correctly identifies the factors which give rise to increased employee engagement and investment in their job. Rich, Lepine and Crawford (2010) found in a study of 245 fire fighters that engagement, conceptualised as the investment of one’s complete self into a job role (the degree to which a job role is integrated into a personal construct) was a significant mediator in the relationship between value congruence, perceived organisational support, core self-evaluations and the dependent variable: job performance dimensions. Aside from the obvious benefits, including increased productivity and employee initiative, this also suggests that there are psychological perks for employees with higher rates of engagem ent. Increased self-efficacy, job satisfaction, self-esteem and morale have been found to be direct consequences of higher rates of employee engagement (Bakker and Schaufeli, 2008; Harter, Schmidt and Hayes, 2002). Employee wellbeing in the workplace is known to correlate with positive business outcomes (Harter, Schmidt and Keyes, 2003). Overall, engaged employees are more likely to view their job as meaningful, their management and leadership as above average, have better perceptions of their own ability to perform their duties and are more likely to be satisfied with their jobs, leading to a greater work ethic and better performance (May, Gilson and Harter, 2004). The research question The research problem we are facing is to determine the antecedents of employee engagement in the workplace. The questions that will be used to investigate this will query the relationship between management policy and employee engagement. The objective of this study will be to determine whether performance management strategies used by companies affects in any capacity the tendency of employees to fully engage themselves in the workplace. The experimental hypothesis will be that increased use of performance management strategies in the workplace increases rates of employee engagement. Performance management is the independent variable and employee engagement will be the dependent variable. This will establish whether one significant facet of management policy affects employee engagement; an important factor in predicting effectiveness in the workplace. However there are other factors which could potentially influence the dependent variable (employee engagement) which are beyond the scope of this study. There may be many aspects of the individual and their chosen career which affect how engaged they are regardless of management policy. In addition, Saks (2006) found that multiple facets of how an organisation handles employees’ work ethic determines how engaged they are in the workplace, including how much training is provided and perceived effectiveness of procedural justice at work. Isolating performance management will be one step in building a framework to more fully predict employee engagement. If the anticipated effects are discovered, this would be valuable information for businesses wishing to enhance employee productivity and satisfaction using the medium of employee engagement. By establishing the antecedents of employee engagement it will be possible to fill in another gap in the overall model presented by research to predict positive business outcomes. It has been vehemently established that employee engagement can indirectly affect this outcome, but the influences resulting in greater engagement have received relatively little attention. Performance management in particular was chosen since it encapsulates something that is under the direct control of businesses, and will therefore potentially offer an immediate and practical means for businesses to affect employee engagement. Literature review This section will incorporate definitions of the variables involved and the theoretical context of employee engagement and its antecedents. It will also cover some of the research into other factors besides the independent variable for this study which could reasonably affect the independent variable. Employee engagement The definition of employee engagement is surprisingly ambiguous in the literature, which led Macey and Schneider (2008) to gather and categorise the various definitions found in research. They found that authors generally referred to engagement in one of three broad domains; psychological state engagement, behavioural engagement and trait engagement. The effect of management, leadership, company policy and any performance management strategies employed by the business are of course effective only at the behavioural and psychological state level; trait level engagement is innate and relatively constant in each individual, and arises from various psychometric variables. The conceptualisation we shall settle on for this study will therefore involve only the psychological state and behavioural levels, since the primary independent variables of interest involve factors the business can influence to increase employee engagement. Theoretical context for employee engagement Within a theoretical context, employee engagement fits well into the explanatory remit of self-determination theory (Deci and Ryan, 1985). This theory postulates that different forms of motivation exist; autonomous regulation refers to all volition which originates from genuine internal desires, as opposed to controlled regulation in which the source of the impetus to act is external. In terms of engagement at work, autonomous regulation is desirable, as it results in greater initiative and productivity at a task. According to Meyer and Gagne (2008), who explored the underlying psychological mechanisms of autonomous regulation in the workplace, the key lies in satisfying basic psychological needs for competency, autonomy and relatedness. Performance management systems are likely to be a part of building the work environment which successfully cultivates these feelings in employees; giving them a sense that their needs have been met. Although of course there is certainly more involved in determining the extent to which employees are personally involved in their work than need satisfaction. Intervening factors are likely to include employee personal circumstances and the current economic climate. Performance management For the purposes of this study, the definition of performance management shall be the degree to which intervention by the business occurs to ensure recognition of above average performance, and involvement with offering incentives for increased productivity and work ethic. All other variables listed above which have been identified as causal antecedents of engagement will be considered as confounding variables in this study, and will be controlled for as far as possible. According to Roberts (2001), performance management involves the setting of objectives, the use of appraisal systems, reward strategies, training and feedback. This is a definition that can be more easily operationalized as the components are clearly divided which will make development of measurement scales for each subset simpler. Therefore these are the components that shall be measured as the independent variable in this study to make up performance management. Theoretical context for performance management Performance management affects employee perceptions and attitudes, which subsequently affect performance (Hartog, Boselie and Paauwe, 2004). This fits in with the theoretical framework which places employee engagement as reflecting attitudes and the meaning ascribed to job roles. It is therefore logical to expect that higher levels of implementation of performance management strategies would be significantly related to employee engagement. Although this theoretical framework does not leave much room for the inclusion of the position individual employees ascribe to their jobs in their lives. It is relatively simplistic in terms of modelling the expected effects, and there are likely to be confounding variables. Intervening variables Research has uncovered some general factors which contribute in various magnitudes to the level of employee engagement. Job characteristics (van der Broeck, Vansteenkiste, de Witte and Lens, 2008) perceived organisational support (including leadership), procedural justice, learning and training opportunities and performance management strategies (including rewards and recognition management) are all important in predicting the level of engagement an employee is likely to exhibit (Saks, 2006). This study will address one aspect of the bigger research question then; the explanatory power of performance management over employee engagement will be established. The issue will require further research to account for other possible influences on engagement, and potential interaction effects between independent variables. The originality of this study then lies in the examination of a relatively newly recognised concept (employee engagement) and shedding light on the specific relationship it has with performance management strategies, independent of other influences. Methodology This section will describe the proposed method of examining the experimental hypothesis, including how data will be gathered, what will be measured, and how the data will be analysed. Design and procedure Since the sample is limited to one business many confounding variables such as differing job demands and organisational structure can be eliminated. The samples will be taken from historical data, from employees working within a business with relatively low levels of performance management compared to similar organisations. The business under study will have to be one which has at some point implemented a new, more involved performance management strategy; this is how the independent variable will be manipulated. Both levels of employee engagement and performance management will be measured before the implementation of the new performance management strategy to serve as the control data. After the new strategy has been imposed and levels of performance management have increased in the business, the independent and dependent variable will be measured again, and this data will serve as the experimental condition. To establish the persistence over time of any significant differences in the dependent variable found to result from the change in performance management strategy, three samples will be taken at six month intervals after the implementation of the new strategy. If there is any initial difference in employee engagement between the samples immediately before and after the new strategy comes into for ce, the subsequent samples taken after the strategy has been present for some time will tell us about the long term effects of increasing performance management, otherwise the possibility remains that any effects are merely short term and fade when employees become accustomed to the new system. This will therefore be a repeated measures design. The rates of employee engagement will be compared between temporally differing samples, which will determine if changing levels of performance management alone were sufficient to affect a change in engagement, and how any effects persist, weaken, or strengthen with time. Participants Data will be gathered from secondary sources extant in the literature. The ratings of employee engagement and performance management strategies will be gathered from employees and managers working within the same business. Model specification The model we have to test (based on prior research in the area) places employee engagement as dependent in part on performance management. An a priori power analysis will be conducted on previous studies examining employee engagement to determine the expected effect size. Operationalisation of variables Performance management will be defined as the number of rewards and punishments handed out by senior management, the amount of time employees spend in training, and how often employees are appraised. Employee engagement will be measured with subjective rating scales and peer ratings. Analysis Statistical analysis of this data would include one-way analysis of variance. First performance management would be measured in each group to ensure that in reality there was a change due to the implementation of the new strategy. Then the degree of variability in engagement can be examined between conditions. The relative impact of increasing performance management can be examined in the short and long term, which could help in our theoretical understanding of the psychological underpinnings of any effects observed; if the effects change over time, this will provide clues for future research to investigate, and give use evidence to speculate further on why the change took place. This method of statistical analysis will allow for simple comparisons between control and experimental groups, and for different levels of the experimental condition, in this case the amount of time elapsed after the implementation of the new strategy. Limitations Since the data will all be gathered from the same business, many confounding variables will remain constant between groups, however this means the findings may be less applicable to other business contexts. There is also the fact that a substantial time will have passed between conditions, meaning there may have been other changes other than the independent variable under study, which could confound the results. All other pertinent factors will be investigated and accounted for in the final report to ensure they remain as consistent as possible. It is also essential to recognise the fact that different individuals harbouring different internal traits and psychological dispositions will be motivated to engage in their workplace by different factors which are meaningful to them personally. This is especially true between individuals with radically differing job characteristics and duties since they are likely to have different expectations of their job, and view their relationship to their job role differently. However the influences on engagement cited here have been shown to be generally applicable despite differing job roles. Psychological factors of unique individuals may also play a role in shaping how well specific employees fit into their job role. May, Gilson and Harter (2004) found that perceived meaningfulness of job role, perceived safety at work (including co-worker relations and perceived job security) and availability of psychological resources relevant to job demands are all positively correlated with employee engagement. Such factors may be positively influenced directly by effective performance management but are otherwise outside the scope of this study. The fact that different employees are likely to have been used between conditions (due to the time elapsed) could also pose a problem due to their potential to have very different opinions, experiences and traits relevant to their work life which could influence employee engagement. Limitations include the fact that not all influences on the outcome variable have possibly been considered in the analysis, although there are good theoretical grounds for including the variables that are present. There is likely a myriad of intervening factors affecting how much employees engage at work, but focusing on ones that are immediately under the control of the business administrators and relatively logistically sound to implement makes the most sense as a starting point for this line of research. References Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2008) Positive organizational behavior: Engaged employees in flourishing organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(2), 147-154 Den Hartog, D. N., Boselie, P. and Paauwe, J. (2004) Performance management: a model and research agenda. Applied psychology, 53(4), 556-569 Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L. and Hayes, T. L. (2002) Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: a meta-analysis. Journal of applied psychology, 87(2), 268 Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L. and Keyes, C. L. (2003) Well-being in the workplace and its relationship to business outcomes: A review of the Gallup studies. Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived, 2, 205-224 Kahn, W. A. (1990) Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of management journal, 33(4), 692-724 Macey, W. H. and Schneider, B. (2008) The meaning of employee engagement. Industrial and Organisational Psychology, 1, 3-30 May, D. R., Gilson, R. L. and Harter, L. M. (2004) The psychological conditions of meaningfulness, safety and availability and the engagement of the human spirit at work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77(1), 11-37 Meyer, J. P. and Gagne, M. (2008) Employee engagement from a self-determination theory perspective. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1(1), 60-62 Rich, B. L., Lepine, J. A. and Crawford, E. R. (2010) Job engagement: Antecedents and effects on job performance. Academic Management Journal, 53(3), 617-635 Roberts, I. (2001) Reward and performance management. Human resource management: A contemporary approach, 3, 506-558 Saks, A. M. (2006) Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement.Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 600-619 Van den Broeck, A., Vansteenkiste, M., De Witte, H. and Lens, W. (2008) Explaining the relationships between job characteristics, burnout, and engagement: The role of basic psychological need satisfaction. Work & Stress,22(3), 277-294

Facts About the Province of Prince Edward Island

Facts About the Province of Prince Edward Island The smallest province in Canada, Prince Edward Island is famous for red sand beaches, red soil, potatoes, and the irrepressible Anne of Green Gables. It also is known as the Birthplace of Confederation. The Confederation Bridge which joins Prince Edward Island to New Brunswick takes just ten minutes to cross, with no wait times. Location of Prince Edward Island Prince Edward Island is in the Gulf of St. Lawrence on the east coast of Canada Prince Edward Island is separated from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia by the Northumberland Strait See maps of Prince Edward Island Area of Prince Edward Island 5,686 sq. km (2,195 sq. miles) (Statistics Canada, 2011 Census) Population of Prince Edward Island 140,204 (Statistics Canada, 2011 Census) Capital City of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island Date Prince Edward Island Entered Confederation July 1, 1873 Government of Prince Edward Island Liberal Last Prince Edward Island Provincial Election May 4, 2015 Premier of Prince Edward Island Premier Wade MacLauchlan Main Prince Edward Island Industries Agriculture, tourism, fishing and manufacturing See Also:Canadian Provinces and Territories - Key Facts

How Effective Is The Child Protection System Social Work Essays

How Effective Is The Child Protection System Social Work Essays How Effective Is The Child Protection System Social Work Essay How Effective Is The Child Protection System Social Work Essay Literature highlights some of the challenges for societal workers measuring and doing determinations about African kids and households whose civilizations differ from the bulk of the white population in United Kingdom. The critical rating of cognition and research in kid protection and bar of kid maltreatment in black African kids is of import to the forming of societal work policy, services and appropriate intercession. This is because there is need to supply appropriate intercession services which are culturally sensitive but at the same clip forestalling child maltreatment. It is of import that black African kids perspectives form portion of policies and statute law. Several writers have critically analysed the grounds on service proviso for black households in general. A pathologising attack to black households may take to unneeded coercive intercession and on the other manus a cultural relativist attack may take to a non-intervention when services are required ( Dominelli 1997, Chand 2000 ) . The intent of the reappraisal is to research if the kid protection system is effectual in forestalling kid maltreatment in black African kids and their households. By kid protection, the reappraisal will be mentioning to all the bureaus and services involved in protecting and forestalling kid maltreatment. By associating to theory and research, there is hope to bring out spreads, subjects and arguments and besides, raise inquiries which can be utile for future research. The literature reappraisal starts by puting the parametric quantities that is, specifying the footings that will be used, such as, kid protection and kid maltreatment. The literature reappraisal goes to put the historical and theoretical context because it is of import to cognize how long literature and research has existed on the subject and what has been go oning including research on civilization differences, poorness, power issues and kid protection. The reappraisal goes on to turn to the theoretical positions on the subject to analyze the theories that form the cognition base in research. The reappraisal goes on to look at the major findings in research and literature by researching the cardinal subjects such as factors that impact African kids that can ensue them in being involved in the kid protection system for illustration, kid raising patterns, poorness and limited cognition in cultural patterns by societal work professionals. Finally the reappraisal will look at the anti-discriminatory pattern and user-involvement to demo how professionals can work sensitively and supply civilization appropriate services. The literature hunt Child protection system aims to forestall state of affairss that can ensue in a kid or immature individual aged 16 and under experience maltreatment that puts them in danger of non developing suitably or losing their life ( Salvage the Children UK, 2008 ) . The maltreatment can fall under the class of kid maltreatment which could be in signifier of disregard, emotional, physicals and sexual, ( Woolfson et al 2009 ) . The hunt involved these footings. After set uping the specific country to be reviewed ; the focal point was on black African kids and the kid protection system. The country of kid protection and black African kids is a controversial country that has been neglected in literature and research and there is demand to analyze subjects and place spreads in literature. The beginnings selected were diaries, books, authorities records and articles. Electronic hunt engines were used because they provided a readily available broad scope of literature and research articles which hav e been accepted for publication. These beginnings were used as grounds and beginning of information because they had been accepted for printing hence they would non supply with false information. Reappraisal of the literature Historical Context In puting the historical context, the most of import development in kid protection is the preparation of the Children Act 1989 which was influenced by the public enquiries of the 1970s and 1980s child deceases, for illustration, the Maria Cowell. The Act stressed that the Local Authority s responsibility is to safeguard and advance the public assistance of kids. However, research into how the Children Act was being put into action found that the kid protection system was still concentrating on individual incidents of kid abuse instead than be aftering to run into the wider demands of kids in demand ( DoH, 1995a ) . The surveies besides noted that many kids and households received small or no support, the appraisal of hazard was low ( Stevenson, 1998 ) and ignored the influences of poorness, unemployment and hapless lodging. This meant that a new manner in thought was needed about working with households. The consequence was publication of the Framework for Assessment of Children in N eed and their Families ( DoH et al, 2000 ) and Working Together to Safeguard Children ( DoH et al, 1999 ) . A Common Assessment model was besides developed to advance more effectual earlier designation of kids s extra demands and better inter-agency working. A reappraisal into old deceases of kids indicates failures to listen to kids, sharing of information, follow processs and recognizing indexs of maltreatment. The chief response to the deceases of kids due to local governments failures has been to seek bureaucratic solutions such as presenting new guidelines, Torahs and processs ( Ferguson, 2005 ) . However, the Laming 2003 question into the tragic decease of Victoria Climbie in 2000 is peculiarly important because it pointed out the inter-agency attack established after Maria Cowell s decease in 1973 was non followed and it considered deductions for the whole of the kid protection system ( Batty, 2003 ) . Crippling ( 2003 ) highlights the misjudgements made on the Climbie s instance based on cultural premises that led to a calamity. However, Garret ( 2006 ) argues that the Laming stud y ( 2003 ) appears to detach a kid s race from nucleus appraisals and this was echoed in the Every Child Matters which appears to advert really small about the demands of kids from other races. After the Victoria Climbie question at that place has been recent decease of kids known to societal services such as, babe P ( 2007 ) and Khyra Ishaq ( 2008 ) . This begs the inquiry, where is the kid protection system traveling incorrect? There are arguments on how to supply societal work intercessions and household support that are culturally sensitive and competent to African kids and their households who are at hazard of important injury ( Stobart, 2006 ; Holland 2004, Robinson 2007 ; Mama 2004 ) . This was highlighted in the Laming Progress Report ( 2009 ) which set out challenges faced in safeguarding kids such as: aˆÂ ¦ there is still need to better cognition and accomplishments to understand kids and their household fortunes. Besides the crippling study noted that despite the ad vancement in inter-agency working there are still jobs of twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours world of working across organizational boundaries and cultureaˆÂ ¦ , Laming Progress Report ( 2009 ) . When reexamining literature it is of import to observe that there is a sparse of research on black African kids and the kid protection system in the Britain hence it is hard to put out the historical and theoretical context. Where research and literature exists, the information is still non plausible because it is assorted with other research informations from minority cultural populations and their experience differs widely. Theoretical and research positions that form cognition Different theories and positions inform cognition base in literatures environing African kids and the kid protection system. When researching this country there is need to look at experiences of African people and their engagement with child protection hence research workers can utilize the black position which is based on the impression of common experiences that black people portion. The black position criticises repressive research and theories that are likely to suppress black people, ( Robinson 2007 ) . African households will ever mention to their civilization as frame of mention to their parenting capacities ( Bernard and Gupta, 2008 ) and understanding and recognition of the black frame of mention will enable societal workers to come up with accurate and comprehensive appraisals of African black kids involved with the kid protection system, ( Robinson 2007 ) . Other literature is based on the ecological position and foreground the importance to analyze the impacts of societal exclusion, poorness and in-migration on black African kids and their households, ( Gibbs and Huang 2003 ) . However, Robinson 1998 argues that there is a danger of over-generalising and stereotyping because single members from the same civilization can act otherwise from the form that is typical of that civilization. However, other research workers argue that postmodern theories have gained popularity in societal work, ( Pease and Fook 1999 ; Leonard 1997 ) . Research workers have argued against postmodern theories who want a better apprehension of individuality, uniting personal with structural elements of life ( Dominelli 2002 ; Graham 2002 ) , pulling on the thought of what holds people together, ( Badiou 2001 ) . The deficiency of appropriate preventive support services which are civilization sensitive frequently result in societal work runing against the involvements of black kids involved in kid protection, ( Barn 1993, Graham 2002 ) . Social work has operated within a job or iented model which is characterised by shortage and dysfunctional theories of black households ( Robinson 2008 ) . Major happening in literature and research Research agrees that black African kids and their households are disproportionately represented in kid protection ( Graham, 2006 ; Barn et Al 1997 ; Bernard and Gupta 2008 ) . When looking at experiences of black African kids and their households and how best to offer them appropriate intercession it is of import to admit background in footings of faith, civilization, linguistic communication and beliefs ( Bernard and Gupta 2008 ; Gibbs and Huang 2003 ; Robinson 2007 ) . Research shows that black African households may see subjugation and favoritism within the kid protection system ( Chand, 2008 ) . A batch of literature appears to pull attending to the parenting in African households and how their civilization is neglected in a batch researches and there is small empirical grounds particularly about African parenting in Britain ( Bernard, 2002 ; Graham 2006 ) . Rearing by African households is entwined into an already argument of what constitutes child maltreatment ( Francis, 1993 ; Chand 2000 ) . Barn, 2002 argues that kid maltreatment is a socially constructed phenomenon and most of literature environing kid maltreatment is based on western society s positions and middle-class. This can take to favoritism and stereotypes towards African households raising patterns and lead to unwanted intercession and societal attention engagement. There is good documented literature focused on how civilization influence parenting of African households involved with kid protection system, ( Brophy et al 2003, Bernard, 2002 ; Graham 2006 ) . However, the empirical research is limited but the small informations that exists poses the impression that cultural patterns appear to play some portion in African kids being involved in the kid protection system, ( Mama, 2004 ) . Literature suggests that African households pattern rough penalty for kids, nevertheless, Barn et al 2006 ; Thoburn et Al 2005 ; Nobes and Smith 1997, challenge such stereotypes and in their survey, they found no important differences between cultural groups with respect to physical penalty. However, these surveies can non be generalised to African households easy because the bulk of the participants where white parents. There is spread in research on the parenting by black African households and a perennial subject in literature is the demand to admit cultural and societal contexts of rearing and experience of African black households to do sense of kid maltreatment and supply appropriate intercession for kids and households involved in the kid protection system, ( Holland 2004, Robinson 2007, Stobart 2006 ) . A focal point on ethnicity or individuality, preclude issues of power and subjugation operating in the mundane experiences of kids s lives to be appreciated, ( Graham, 2007 ) . Research found that most black African households live in poorness and societal exclusion and how this impacts on parenting, ( Bernard and Gupta 2008 ; Gibbs and Huang 2003 ; Robinson 2007 ; Platt, 2007 ) . A survey of more than 7,000 kids looked after by 13 Local Authorities found that kids who were non of the white beginning where more likely to be put into attention due to poverty ( Sinclair et al, 2007 ) . Sinclair et Al s survey is really of import because it is a comprehensive qualitative survey which focuses on the demands of kids in attention systems affecting their positions and investigates the results for kids. The survey besides suggests how the attention system should work and pull off which is of import to societal work professionals and policy shapers. However, informations produced can non be easy generalised to the full population of African kids because their experiences varies. There has been research critically analyzing the intervention of refuge seeking kids and the kid protection system and there is statement between the Children Act 1989 and immigration statute law and policy and Jones ( 2001 ) argues that social work profession singularly failed to supply critical examination on the position and relationship of in-migration and kid attention jurisprudence and the eroding of kids s rights . Other research workers agree with Jones, that exposure of refuge seeking kids has emotional and legal facets, ( Woodcock, 2003 ; Chase, 2009 ) . Kohli 2006, argues that statute law obstruct the proviso of preventive services to vulnerable kids and their households. Research has highlighted the breakability of African kids who claim refuge such as holding enduring injuries due to their fortunes that led them to claim refuge such as war and anguish, ( Hodes, 2000, 2002 ; Ehntholt and Yule, 2006 ; Dyregrov and Yule, 2006 ) . Research shows that there is a spread in re search on refuge seeking kids and societal work to inform pattern, ( Kohli and Mather 2003 ; Okitikpi andA Aymer 2003 ) . Rustin 2005, states that there is a complicated interaction between societal workers cognition in refuge seeking kids and the bing stereotypes sing these groups of service-users, ( Bernard and Gupta 2008 ; Robinson 2007 ; Barn 1993 ; Owen and Statham 2009 ) . Bernard and Gupta ( 2008 ) travel on to mention other factors that affect African kids such as refuge seeking, AIDS, loss and separation and this is of import because when supplying intercession to African kids there is demand to grok their background to offer appropriate services which do non know apart them any farther. Young ( 1990 ) states that black kids frequently experience multiple-oppression for illustration, they suffer from stereotypes from society and besides they are unseeable to the kid protection system. Graham ( 1999 ) goes on to reason that intercession with African households is at the Centre of wider arguments and struggle ; and grounds from research continues to demo over-representation of African kids and their households in kid protection. The arguments seem to concentrate on power instabilities and how to affect African households to derive control over their lives, ( Graham, 1999 ; Young, 1990 ) . Other research workers highlight the issues of linguistic commu nication in kid protection and the proviso of appropriate intercession services, ( Chand 2000, Ahmed et Al, 1982 ) . The usage of kids as transcribers in sensitive kid protection issues is unethical and inappropriate, and besides the usage of an translator can falsify the appraisal procedure, ( Chand, 2000 ) . Bernard and Gupta ( 2008 ) travel further to look at other factors that affect black African kids that other literature seems to pretermit such as how gender norms place adult females in an inferior place within African civilizations and this can restrict female parents to protect their kids in the environment of domestic force, nevertheless Owen and Statham ( 2009 ) argues that the is limited grounds to keep or dispute this impression. Nevertheless, in Masson et Al ( 2008 ) survey, domestic force was evidenced as a cause of concern in the tribunal files of half the kids of Black African female parents implicated in their survey of attention proceedings. Research and grounds from Climbie question propose that societal work professionals involved with black and minority cultural households might non move in child maltreatment instances because of fright of being regarded as a racialist ( Scorer, 2005 ; Bernard and Gupta, 2006 ) . Nevertheless, literature and research fail to supply a big sum of grounds to back up this impression for illustration, Gordon and Gibbons ( 1998 ) in their survey found no differences between ethnicity in footings of kids being placed on the kid protection registry and factors such as parents mental wellness jobs, condemnable activities or the kid non suiting in a reconstituted household were the grounds for engagement than ethnicity ( Williams and Soydan, 2005 ) . However, Selwyn et al 2008 found that societal work professionals were more unsure and on occasion puzzled sing how best to advance the demands of cultural kids and they felt further self-doubting in their appraisal. Recuring subjects in literatur e is the significance of societal work professionals to construct up on culturally sensitive work with black and cultural households ( Gray et al. , 2008 ; Sue, 2006 ; Laird, 2008 ; Stirling et al. , 2009 ; Hodge, 2001 ) . Anti-discriminatory positions and the incorporation of cognition from service users Thompson, ( 2008 ) states that anti-discriminatory pattern has been used in Britain to account for good pattern in societal work to counter structural disadvantages nevertheless, Graham 1999, argues that anti-discriminatory pattern fails to supply a cognition base for societal work that is engaged in the corporate development of the black community . Professionals can indirectly suppress African kids and their households through pattern for illustration, by enforcing their personal values or power, ( Dominelli 2007 ) . Research and literature negotiations about the kid protection supplying cultural sensitive services and developing societal work professionals have the cognition and accomplishments in working with different civilizations. However this can really make farther subjugation and societal divisions. The bulk of the workers will hold dominant Eurocentric positions which encourage farther societal divisions for illustration, demuring the position that African households live in poorness and non fight and dispute this position by supplying services that help households to counter these structural inequalities in society. Dominelli ( 2007 ) argues that there is need to turn to the systems that reaffirm racist kineticss instead than disputing them. Dominelli ( 1992 ) argues that black kids and households are over-represented in the controlling facets of societal work and under-represented in the public assistance facets of societal work. Problems with communicating and working in partnership have been highlighted in literature. Chase s ( 2009 ) survey found that immature people described complex relationships with societal workers and other societal attention professionals and were besides more leery of the interplay between societal attention and in-migration services. There is limited research that incorporates service user engagement ( Buchanan 2007 ; Bernard 2002 ) taking in their lived experiences nevertheless, an of import survey by Chase 2009 found that immature people frequently described complex relationships with societal workers and other societal attention professionals and were besides more leery of the interplay between societal attention and in-migration services. Recent policy has tried to implement protagonism as a manner of advancing societal justness and incorporate disadvantaged groups positions on the services that are appropriate for them. In Bowes and Sims ( 2006 ) empirical survey, they found that black and minority cultural communities gave support to protagonism services, nevertheless, they were still marginalised by the services they were already utilizing. There appears to be a demand of qualitative research and literature that includes an extended survey of black African kids s positions and experiences, ( Graham 2007 ) which forms a value base to inform pattern in societal work. Relevance to policy and pattern Using the ecological attack the Framework For Assessment of Children in Need and their Families ( DoH, 2000 ) , places a demand on societal work professionals to take history of cultural background and socio-economic places of households paying attending to power instabilities in relationships, ( Dalrymple and Burke, 1995 ) . Dalrymple and Burke ( 1995 ) argue that an apprehension is needed of the association between personal experience and structural pragmatism of inequality. Therefore service users positions should organize portion of policies and statute law respecting and literature high spots that kids s rights may still miss from policy and statute law, hence, these impressions challenge professionals to take kids s positions earnestly and appreciate their part to research, ( Aubrey and Dahl 2006 ) . Lots of research appears to concentrate on authorization through cultural cognition ask foring new believing about the challenges faced by black communities, ( Aubrey and Dahl 2006 ) . The complex societal fortunes experienced by many African households pose challenges for societal work professionals working to safeguard and advance kids s public assistance. In order to safeguard and advance public assistance of African kids recognition of beginnings of favoritism and subjugation, a committedness to human rights and societal justness must be met. Several writers have critically analysed the grounds on service proviso for black households in general. A pathologising attack to black households may take to unneeded coercive intercession and on the other manus a cultural relativist attack may take to a non-intervention when services are required ( Dominelli 1997, Chand 2000 ) . Either manner appropriate intercession is non provided for black and cultural minority kids. The quality of services in black communities is a focal point for argument and raises of import issues about the deficiency of policy enterprises based upon demands and aspirations of local communities ( Graham, 2002 ) . By pulling on strengths perspective professionals can light how parents draw on civilizations as a resource to parents in circumstance of hardship whilst non pardoning behavior that is harmful to kids. Decisions There is spreads in research on kid protection and black African households and a perennial subject in literature is the demand to admit cultural and societal contexts of rearing and experience of African black households to do sense of kid maltreatment and supply appropriate intercession for kids and households involved in the kid protection system, ( Holland 2004, Robinson 2007, Stobart 2006 ) . Research shows that there is a spread in research on refuge seeking kids and societal work to inform pattern, ( Kohli and Mather 2003 ; Okitikpi andA Aymer 2003 ) . There is demand for research centred on black African kids and there is besides need to affect them in forming of policies, disputing the impression that merely ethnicity causes the experiences faced by African kids. This is because by holding cultural sensitive intercession, there can be support of stereotyped services and favoritism disregarding other things such as gender, age and category.